Radiographic adenoid evaluation - suggestion of referral parameters / Avaliação radiográfica da adenoide - sugestão de parâmetros de referência

OBJECTIVE: this study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of current radiographic measurements, which were originally conceived to evaluate adenoid hypertrophy, as potential referral parameters. METHODS: children aged from 4 to 14 years, of both genders, who presented nasal obstruction complaints, were subjected to cavum radiography. Radiographic examinations (n = 120) were evaluated according to categorical and quantitative parameters, and data were compared to gold-standard videonasopharyngoscopic examination, regarding accuracy (sensitivity, negative predictive value, specificity, and positive predictive value). RESULTS: radiographic grading systems presented low sensitivity for the identification of patients with two-thirds choanal space obstruction. However, some of these parameters presented relatively high specificity rates when three-quarters adenoid obstruction was the threshold of interest. Amongst the quantitative variables, a mathematical model was found to be more suitable for identifying patients with more than two-thirds obstruction. CONCLUSION: this model was shown to be potentially useful as a screening tool to include patients with, at least, two-thirds adenoid obstruction. Moreover, one of the categorical parameters was demonstrated to be relatively more useful, as well as a potentially safer assessment tool to exclude patients with less than three-quarters obstruction, to be indicated for adenoidectomy. .

OBJETIVO: o objetivo deste estudo foi de investigar a utilidade de medidas radiográficas destinadas à avaliação da tonsila faríngea a serem utilizadas como potenciais parâmetros de encaminhamento. MÉTODOS: crianças de quatro a 14 anos, de ambos os gêneros, que apresentavam queixas referentes à obstrução nasal foram submetidas à radiografia do cavum. Os registros radiográficos (n = 120) foram avaliados de acordo com parâmetros categóricos e quantitativos, e dados resultantes foram comparados ao exame padrão-ouro de videonasofaringoscopia, em relação às suas taxas de acurácia (sensibilidade, valor preditivo negativo, especificidade e valor preditivo positivo). RESULTADOS: os parâmetros radiográficos categóricos apresentaram baixa sensibilidade para a identificação de pacientes portadores de 2/3 de obstrução do espaço coanal. No entanto, alguns destes parâmetros apresentaram especificidades relativamente altas quando 3/4 de obstrução coanal era o ponto de corte de interesse. Dentre as variáveis quantitativas, um modelo matemático se mostrou mais adequado para identificar pacientes com mais de 2/3 de obstrução coanal. CONCLUSÃO: este modelo demonstrou, assim, ser potencialmente útil como método de rastreamento para identificação de pacientes com pelo menos 2/3 de obstrução adenoidiana. Além disso, um dos parâmetros categóricos analisados demonstrou ser relativamente mais útil e potencialmente seguro para eliminar pacientes queixosos com menos de 3/4 de obstrução a serem indicados à adenoidectomia. .

Radiographic adenoid evaluation--suggestion of referral parameters.

OBJECTIVE: this study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of current radiographic measurements, which were originally conceived to evaluate adenoid hypertrophy, as potential referral parameters. METHODS: children aged from 4 to 14 years, of both genders, who presented nasal obstruction complaints, were subjected to cavum radiography. Radiographic examinations (n = 120) were evaluated according to categorical and quantitative parameters, and data were compared to gold-standard videonasopharyngoscopic examination, regarding accuracy (sensitivity, negative predictive value, specificity, and positive predictive value). RESULTS: radiographic grading systems presented low sensitivity for the identification of patients with two-thirds choanal space obstruction. However, some of these parameters presented relatively high specificity rates when three-quarters adenoid obstruction was the threshold of interest. Amongst the quantitative variables, a mathematical model was found to be more suitable for identifying patients with more than two-thirds obstruction. CONCLUSION: this model was shown to be potentially useful as a screening tool to include patients with, at least, two-thirds adenoid obstruction. Moreover, one of the categorical parameters was demonstrated to be relatively more useful, as well as a potentially safer assessment tool to exclude patients with less than three-quarters obstruction, to be indicated for adenoidectomy.

Posture and posterior crossbite in oral and nasal breathing children.

The most known etiologic factors of oral breathing may influence the craniofacial development leading to anatomical and functional alterations. A proper head and cervical spine posture allows a well functioning of the stomatognathic system structures and vice versa. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of posterior crossbite in a group of oral breathing children (OB) and nasal (NB) and associate the type of bite with the head and cervical spine posture. It was concluded that most of the children, either oral or nasal breathers, did not present a crossbite and any kind of head posture and cervical spine can vary independently of a posterior crossbite.

[Local application of cidofovir as adjuvant therapy in recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis in children]. / Aplicação local de cidofovir como tratamento adjuvante na papilomatose laríngea recorrente em crianças.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the efficacy of local application of cidofovir in association with surgical treatment of recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis in children. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective. METHODS: Fourteen patients, with an average age of 4.7 years and with two or more relapses after surgical treatment, were submitted to resection of the papillomas and injection of 22.5 mg of cidofovir (7.5 mg/ml) in the tissue where the lesions had been removed. After 2 to 3 week intervals, the same dose of cidofovir was repeated two or three times. In the case of relapse, a new cycle of surgery followed by local applications of cidofovir was repeated. Five children presented HPV-6 and five HPV-11, while in four, the type was not determined. RESULTS: Before beginning of the study, patients were submitted, on the average, to 2 operations a year for control of relapses. After treatment with cidofovir, the annual rate for surgery dropped to 1.1 (p = 0.013). The average interval between relapses before beginning of the study was 1.4 months; at the end of the study, the interval reached 4.4 months (p = 0.014). Patients with HPV-6 did not show a significant change in the intervals between relapses after treatment with cidofovir, while 60% of the children with HPV-11 were disease free at the study end. CONCLUSION: Cidofovir was found to be an effective adjuvant in the treatment of recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis in children, when used in the form of local applications in association with surgical resection of the lesions. HPV-11 may be more susceptible to the beneficial effects of cidofovir.

Aplicação local de cidofovir como tratamento adjuvante na papilomatose laríngea recorrente em crianças / Local application of cidofovir as adjuvant therapy in recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis in children

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia da aplicação local de cidofovir em associação com o tratamento cirúrgico na papilomatose laríngea recorrente (PLR) em crianças. Desenho do estudo: Prospectivo. MÉTODOS: Quatorze pacientes, com idade média de 4.7 anos e com duas ou mais recidivas após tratamento cirúrgico, foram submetidos à ressecção dos papilomas e injeção de 22.5 mg de cidofovir (7,5 mg/ml) no tecido de onde as lesões foram removidas. Após intervalos de 2-3 semanas, a mesma dose de cidofovir foi repetida duas ou três vezes. Em caso de recidiva, um novo ciclo de cirurgia seguido de aplicações locais de cidofovir era reiniciado. Cinco crianças apresentavam HPV-6 e cinco HPV-11; em quatro casos a tipagem não foi realizada. RESULTADOS: Antes do início do estudo, os pacientes eram submetidos, em média, a duas cirurgias por ano para o controle das recidivas; após o tratamento com cidofovir, a taxa anual de cirurgia diminuiu para 1,1 (p = 0,013). O intervalo médio entre as recidivas antes do início do estudo era de 1.6 meses; ao final do estudo, o intervalo aumentou para 4,4 meses (p = 0,014). Os pacientes com HPV-6 não apresentaram alteração significante nos intervalos entre as recidivas após o tratamento com cidofovir, enquanto 60 por cento das crianças com HPV-11 encontravam-se livres de doença ao final do estudo. CONCLUSÃO: O cidofovir é um adjuvante eficaz no tratamento da PLR em crianças, quando utilizado sob a forma de aplicações locais em associação com a ressecção cirúrgica das lesões. O HPV-11 pode ser mais susceptível aos efeitos benéficos do cidofovir.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the efficacy of local application of cidofovir in association with surgical treatment of recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis in children. Study design: Prospective. METHODS: Fourteen patients, with an average age of 4.7 years and with two or more relapses after surgical treatment, were submitted to resection of the papillomas and injection of 22.5 mg of cidofovir (7.5 mg/ml) in the tissue where the lesions had been removed. After 2 to 3 week intervals, the same dose of cidofovir was repeated two or three times. In the case of relapse, a new cycle of surgery followed by local applications of cidofovir was repeated. Five children presented HPV-6 and five HPV-11, while in four, the type was not determined. RESULTS: Before beginning of the study, patients were submitted, on the average, to 2 operations a year for control of relapses. After treatment with cidofovir, the annual rate for surgery dropped to 1.1 (p = 0.013). The average interval between relapses before beginning of the study was 1.4 months; at the end of the study, the interval reached 4.4 months (p = 0.014). Patients with HPV-6 did not show a significant change in the intervals between relapses after treatment with cidofovir, while 60 percent of the children with HPV-11 were disease free at the study end. CONCLUSION: Cidofovir was found to be an effective adjuvant in the treatment of recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis in children, when used in the form of local applications in association with surgical resection of the lesions. HPV-11 may be more susceptible to the beneficial effects of cidofovir.

The relationship between excursion of the diaphragm and curvatures of the spinal column in mouth breathing children.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between excursion of the diaphragm muscle and spinal curvatures in mouth breathing children. METHODS: A total of 52 children of both sexes, aged from 5 to 12 years, were studied. After otorhinolaryngological assessment, the children were divided into two groups: mouth breathers and nose breathers. All of the children underwent videofluoroscopic examination of the diaphragm muscle and postural assessment. Diaphragm excursion was analyzed using Adobe Photoshop software, and postural assessment was recorded using photographs in left lateral view, which were then analyzed using SAPO postural assessment software. RESULTS: The groups studied exhibited statistically significant differences in terms of spinal curvatures (cervical lordosis: p = 0.003; lumbar lordosis: p = 0.001; thoracic kyphosis: p = 0.002; position of the pelvis: p = 0.001) and diaphragm excursion (right side diaphragm: p = 0.001; left side diaphragm: p = 0.001). The mouth breathing group exhibited reduced cervical lordosis, increased thoracic kyphosis, increased lumbar lordosis and the position of the pelvis was tilted forward. The distance traveled outwards by the diaphragm muscles of mouth breathing children was shorter than that traveled by the muscles of nose breathing children. The relationship between the behavior of spinal curvatures and diaphragm excursion had no statistical significance. CONCLUSION: There was no relationship between spinal curvatures and diaphragm excursion in the groups studied here.

Relação entre a excursão do músculo diafragma e as curvaturas da coluna vertebral em crianças respiradoras bucais / The relationship between excursion of the diaphragm and curvatures of the spinal column in mouth breathing children

OBJETIVO: Verificar a relação entre a excursão do músculo diafragma e as curvaturas da coluna vertebral em crianças respiradoras bucais. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 52 crianças de 5 a 12 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos. Por meio de avaliação otorrinolaringológica, foram divididas em dois grupos: respiradores bucais e respiradores nasais. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a exame de videofluoroscopia do músculo diafragma e a avaliação postural. A excursão do diafragma foi analisada pelo programa Adobe Photoshop®, e a avaliação postural através de fotografias em norma lateral esquerda, sendo analisadas pelo Software de Avaliação Postural. RESULTADOS: Os grupos estudados apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante quanto ao comportamento das curvaturas da coluna vertebral (lordose cervical: p = 0,003; lordose lombar: p = 0,001; cifose torácica: p = 0,002; posição da pelve: p = 0,001) e da excursão do músculo diafragma (diafragma lado direito: p = 0,001; diafragma lado esquerdo: p = 0,001). O grupo respirador bucal apresentou diminuição da lordose cervical, aumento da cifose torácica, aumento da lordose lombar e anteversão da posição da pelve. A distância excursionada pelo músculo diafragma em crianças respiradoras bucais é menor que em crianças respiradoras nasais. Não houve significância estatística ao relacionar o comportamento das curvaturas da coluna vertebral com a excursão do músculo diafragma. CONCLUSÃO: Não há relação entre as curvaturas da coluna vertebral com a excursão do músculo diafragma nos grupos estudados.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between excursion of the diaphragm muscle and spinal curvatures in mouth breathing children. METHODS: A total of 52 children of both sexes, aged from 5 to 12 years, were studied. After otorhinolaryngological assessment, the children were divided into two groups: mouth breathers and nose breathers. All of the children underwent videofluoroscopic examination of the diaphragm muscle and postural assessment. Diaphragm excursion was analyzed using Adobe Photoshop® software, and postural assessment was recorded using photographs in left lateral view, which were then analyzed using SAPO postural assessment software. RESULTS: The groups studied exhibited statistically significant differences in terms of spinal curvatures (cervical lordosis: p = 0.003; lumbar lordosis: p = 0.001; thoracic kyphosis: p = 0.002; position of the pelvis: p = 0.001) and diaphragm excursion (right side diaphragm: p = 0.001; left side diaphragm: p = 0.001). The mouth breathing group exhibited reduced cervical lordosis, increased thoracic kyphosis, increased lumbar lordosis and the position of the pelvis was tilted forward. The distance traveled outwards by the diaphragm muscles of mouth breathing children was shorter than that traveled by the muscles of nose breathing children. The relationship between the behavior of spinal curvatures and diaphragm excursion had no statistical significance. CONCLUSION: There was no relationship between spinal curvatures and diaphragm excursion in the groups studied here.

Evaluation of nasal capacity before and after rapid maxillary expansion.

BACKGROUND: This study analyzed the effects of orthodontic maxillary expansion on the nasal cavity dimensions measured by acoustic rhinometry. METHODS: A prospective study was performed. Fifty patients (27 male and 23 female patients) who had maxillary hypoplasia in relation to the mandible were studied. Patients presented either deciduous or mixed dentition, with age ranging from 4 to 14 years old. Twenty patients (11 male and 9 female patients) between the ages of 4 and 11 years, who also had deciduous or mixed dentition but without maxillary hypoplasia, served as a control group. A modified Biederman appliance was used for approximately 20 days to achieve the maxillary expansion in the treatment group. Acoustic rhinometry, with measurements of the right and the left nasal cavity, was performed before starting the maxillary expansion (T1) and at its conclusion (T2). This procedure was conducted also at a comparable time interval in the control group. RESULTS: The treated group showed a significant increase in the majority of the values of transversal areas and nasal volumes when compared with the nontreated group. CONCLUSION: In children with maxillary hypoplasia, rapid maxillary expansion can not only move the maxilla and alveolar arches laterally but it can also increase the size of the nasal cavities.

Transnasal endoscopic surgical approaches to the clivus.

Transnasal endoscopic-assisted techniques to the clivus region can be safe and effective. Endoscopic-assisted approaches provide improved visualization and are a superior alternative to open surgical approaches in most cases. Nevertheless, problems such as infection, CSF leakage, and difficulty controlling intradural bleeding still remain. Surgeons must always remember that, although high technology such as endoscopes, image-guided surgery systems, imaging studies, and advanced anesthetic drugs were essential for the development and improvement of the skull base surgery, the success of this type of surgery depends on perfect knowledge of the anatomy, intense endoscopic surgery training, and a multidisciplinary partnership.

Detection of human papilloma virus in the tonsils of children undergoing tonsillectomy

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is related to respiratory mucosal diseases, such as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, as well as to upper-respiratory-tract malignancies. There are few reports concerning the prevalence of HPV in the upper respiratory tract of non-affected individuals. We examined the prevalence of HPV in the tonsils of children of the general population scheduled for tonsillectomy. Samples were taken from the tonsils of 100 children undergoing tonsillectomy and were then tested for HPV with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, utilizing the generic primers MY09 and MY 11. The study excluded children known to have HPV and HIV-related diseases. Parents and legal guardians completed a standardized socio-demographic questionnaire. The questionnaire revealed that 84 percent of the mothers had at least one risk factor for genital HPV. None of the tonsil samples were positive for HPV. Apparently HPV does not commonly colonize the tonsils of children undergoing routine tonsillectomy.

Detection of human papilloma virus in the tonsils of children undergoing tonsillectomy.

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is related to respiratory mucosal diseases, such as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, as well as to upper-respiratory-tract malignancies. There are few reports concerning the prevalence of HPV in the upper respiratory tract of non-affected individuals. We examined the prevalence of HPV in the tonsils of children of the general population scheduled for tonsillectomy. Samples were taken from the tonsils of 100 children undergoing tonsillectomy and were then tested for HPV with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, utilizing the generic primers MY09 and MY 11. The study excluded children known to have HPV and HIV-related diseases. Parents and legal guardians completed a standardized socio-demographic questionnaire. The questionnaire revealed that 84% of the mothers had at least one risk factor for genital HPV. None of the tonsil samples were positive for HPV. Apparently HPV does not commonly colonize the tonsils of children undergoing routine tonsillectomy.

OSAS in children: correlation between endoscopic and polysomnographic findings.

OBJECTIVES: To correlate polysomnographic findings with clinical history of apnea, the degree of obstruction caused by tonsillar hypertrophy, and to age group. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: 267 children with a clinical diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSAS) were evaluated. Patients were divided into preschool- and school-age categories, and subdivided in 3 additional groups, according to tonsillar hypertrophy. Polysomnographic findings were compared within groups. RESULTS: 34% of children had history of OSAS and normal polysomnographic findings. Tonsillar hypertrophy was correlated to more severe apnea among preschool-age children, but not among school-age children. Among children with tonsillar hypertrophy, more severe apnea was observed in preschool-age children than in school-age children. CONCLUSIONS: There is little correlation between polysomnographic and clinical findings in children with OSAS. SIGNIFICANCE: Adenotonsillar hypertrophy leads to more severe polysomnographic patterns in preschool-age children. More severe apnea is observed in younger children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy than in older ones.

Estudo microbiológico do core e superfície das amígdalas palatinas em crianças portadoras de faringoamigdalites de repetiçäo e hipertrofia adenoamigdaliana / Microbiologic study of the core and surface of the tonsils in children with recurrent and hypertrophic tonsillitis

OBJETIVO: As faringoamigdalites bacterianas, assim como a hipertrofia das amígdalas palatinas, säo extremamente freqüentes na populaçäo infantil. Este estudo visa a pesquisa e identificaçäo da flora bacteriana que coloniza as amígdalas palatinas nas crianças portadoras destas afecçöes. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Clínico prospectivo. CASUíSTICA E MÉTODO: Neste estudo, os autores avaliam 90 pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 2 e 6 anos (Pré-escolares) e 6 e 12 anos (Escolares) com indicaçäo de adenoamigdalectomia; 27 com histórico de faringoamigdalites de repetiçäo (AR), e 63 portadores de hipertrofia adenoamigdaliana obstrutiva (AO), assistidos na Disciplina de Otorrinolaringologia Pediátrica da Universidade Federal de S Paulo, no período de abril de 1999 a 2002. Foram colhidos swabs da superfície das amígdalas palatinas no momento da cirurgia, e após sua remoçäo cirúrgica, realizados esfregaços do core amigdaliano. O material obtido foi analisado em relaçäo ao crescimento bacteriano. RESULTADOS: De uma forma geral, independentemente da faixa etária e do grupo, as bactérias consideradas patogênicas mais prevalentes foram o Haemophilus sp, 50,5 por cento no grupo AO e 59,2 por cento no grupo AR; Staphilococcus aureus (S. aureus), 50,7 por cento no grupo AO e 33,3 por cento no grupo AR; Streptococcus pyogenes (S.pyogenes), 9,5 por cento no grupo AO e 7,4 por cento no grupo AR; Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), 4,7 por cento no grupo AO e 0 por cento no grupo AR; e Moraxella sp, 6,3 por cento no grupo AO e 11,1 por cento no grupo AR, näo ocorrendo diferença significativa entre a superfície e o core. Tanto nos pré-escolares como nos escolares, o S. aureus foi mais freqüente nas crianças com hipertrofia (AO) em relaçäo às que apresentavam infecçöes de repetiçäo (AR). Nos escolares, o S. pyogenes foi mais prevalente no grupo AR, e embora presente em pré-escolares do grupo AO, näo foi isolado nas crianças com infecçäo de repetiçäo. O S. pneumoniae só foi isolado em crianças com hipertrofia adenoamigdaliana. CONCLUSÄO: Os resultados do nosso estudo sugerem que a flora bacteriana que coloniza a superfície amigdaliana é semelhante à do core amigdaliano; que a prevalência de S. pyogenes colonizante na orofaringe de crianças é alta, em torno de 10 por cento, e que o S. aureus é mais prevalente em crianças portadoras de hipertrofia adenoamigdaliana

Estudo aberto multicêntrico do uso de Broncho-Vaxom® no auxílio do tratamento e prevenção de infecções comunitárias do trato respiratório em crianças / An Open Multicenter Study Using Broncho-Vaxom® as an Adjunt Therapy for the Treatment a Prevention of Respiratory Community Aquired Infections in Children

Vários estudos controlados na Europa têm mostrado a eficácia do Broncho-Vaxom® (imunoestimulante oral contendo frações bacterianas) no auxílio ao tratamento e prevenção de infecções respiratórias em crianças. Entretanto, até o momento, não é do nosso conhecimento nenhuma publicação referente à sua utilização no tratamento destas afecções na população infantil em nosso meio. Objetivo: No presente estudo, os autores avaliam a eficácia e segurança do Broncho-Vaxom® no tratamento e prevenção de doenças respiratórias de 792 crianças com idade entre 6 meses e 12 anos, atendidas em vários centros médicos do Brasil com diagnóstico de otite média, sinusite, bronquite/pneumonia e faringotonsilites recorrentes. Material e método: Os pacientes foram avaliados através de critérios objetivos e subjetivos. O diagnóstico foi baseado em critérios pré-estabelecidos da história clínica e exame físico, e radiografia simples. Broncho-Vaxom® foi prescrito por 10 dias (3,5 mg/dia em uma tomada), e os pacientes foram reavaliados no 30°, 60° e 90° dias após o primeiro dia de medicação. Resultados: De forma geral, na maioria os pacientes apresentaram uma melhora acentuada dos quadros de infecção, com ausência de infecção neste período, e/ou aumentando o intervalo entre as infecções e/ou com diminuição da gravidade dos sintomas e/ou com redução do período de sintomatologia. Conclusão: Os efeitos adversos observados foram leves, na maioria relacionados com o sistema gastrointestinal (vômitos, náusea e diarréia) em 6% das crianças, sendo que em nenhuma uma delas o tratamento foi interrompido.

Controlled clinical studies in Europe have already shown-the efficacy of Broncho-Vaxom® (an oral immunomodulating Material lysate) for the treatment and prevention of bronchitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis and otitis media in children. However, it is not of our knowledge any studies of Broncho-Vaxom® in children with respiratory infections in our population. Aim: In order to validate, the efficacy and safety of Broncho-Vaxom® the authors evaluated the treatment of 792 children assisted in several medical centers in Brasil, ages 6 months to 12 years, referred for recurrent otitis media, recurrent sinusitis, recurrent bronchitis/pneumonia and recurrent pharyngitis/tonsilitis. Material and methods: The patients were evaluated both by subjetive and objective criteria. The diagnosis was based on a standardized history and physical examination and roentgenograms. Broncho-Vaxom® was prescribed for 10 days (3,5 mg/day once a day), for 3 consecutive months. They were reevaluated at 30, 60 and 90 days after the first day of medication. Results: Overall, most of the patients presented excellent and good results, with absence of infections in 90 days, and/or increasing the period between infections and/or reducing the gravity or the time lasting of infections. Conclusion: Overall, minor adverse reactions were observed in 6% dos patients (vomit, diarrhea, nausea). There was no report of interruption of the treatment.

Manifestacoes otorrinolaringologicas da SIDA (Sindrome da Imunodeficiencia Adquirida) / Otorhinolaryngologic's manifestation of the SIDA (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

A frequencia de pacientes com diagnostico de SIDA tem aumentado consideravelmente nos consultorios otorrinolaringologicos nos ultimos anos. De tal forma, que atualmente e possivel distinguir algumas afeccoes em otorrinolaringologia que sao frequentemente encontradas nestes pacientes. O conhecimento destas afeccoes tem-se tornado cada vez mais importante, na medida em quepodem auxiliar o profissional tanto na suspeita diagnostica da SIDS, como no tratamento das mesmas.